Excessive heating may cause collapse or distortion of the glass. When a piece of glass is heated on one side only, local expansion takes place, and because the rate of heat transfer through the glass is low, a steep temperature gradient is set up, which produces a corresponding tensile stress. Silicon carbide also has an excellent sulfuric acid resistance and has been used in heat exchange duties.Acid-resistant brick linings on steel are widely used to handle sulfuric acid. It is best to make this from a length of thick-walled glass tubing (internal diameter less than 1 mm, outside diameter 4–5 mm) which is rotated and heated strongly so that the minimum length—about 2–3 cm—softens. After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, the name became synonymous for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world (though, in reality, a sizable portion of the glass produced under the Pyrex brand has also been made of soda-lime glasssince the 1940s). It is sometimes possible to distinguish the two types of glass by visual inspection; the cut end of a piece of soda glass has a white or greyish-green appearance, while borosilicate has a distinct yellowish tint. Soda glass should be just about red hot, and the bend made before the glass shows any serious tendency to droop.The United States has, in the past few years, continued the construction of very large Joule-heated glass melters having throughputs of several tonnes of glass per day at the Hanford reservation in Washington State.Whenever glass tubing or rod are used, it is very important to flame-polish the ends in order to remove the sharp edges. This can cause breakage, because although glass is strong under compression, it is much weaker under tension: borosilicate glass can therefore better tolerate uneven heating, so that thicker and hence mechanically stronger vessels can withstand the same degree of thermal shock as thinner soda glass.
When the glass has become very soft, it is removed from the flame and the ends slowly pulled apart about 10 cm to give a thick–walled capillary between the unheated portions; it is then held by one end so that it hangs down vertically. They have near universal fluid compatibility. When drawing out borosilicate glass tube, an oxygen—coal gas blow-pipe with a fine pencil-type flame should be used, but a roaring bunsen flame is sufficient for soda glass. Borosilicate glass was first developed by the German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century in Jena. PTFE is used with Glass because of its excellent mechanical & thermal properties. The process is then repeated, heating the centre portion of the capillary, and drawing out to give a very fine thread of glass. For preparing capillary tubes for the determination of melting points, ordinary narrow-bore glass tubing is treated in a similar way.Impervious graphite, filled with impregnants such as phenolic resins, PTFE, or carbon, is highly resistant to hydrohalic acids and finds significant use in heat exchange duties for temperatures well-beyond atmospheric boiling. In concentrated acids, the bricks can be used directly onto steel, although in practice, fluoroplastic or other membranes are often installed. Borosilicate Glass with PTFE is of particular importance for the construction of glass installation. Alternatively apparatus made of borosilicate glass can withstand a wider range of thermal strain than soda glass equipment of the same thickness.Borosilicate glass can only be worked satisfactorily with the use of an oxygen–coal gas flame provided by a blowlamp or torch; an ordinary air–coal gas flame, such as provided by a bunsen burner, is not enough for more than simple bending.Borosilicate glass contains substantial amounts of silica (SiO2) and boron oxide (B2O3>8%) as glass network formers, and are typically composed of 70–80wt% SiO2, 7–13wt% of B2O3 4–8wt% Na2O or K2O, and 2–8wt% of Al2O3 (Bauccio, 1994; Pfaender, 1996).Today, the materials have been developed into a high quality technical grade ceramic with very good mechanical properties. This is done by heating the end of the tube or rod in a roaring bunsen flame until the sharp edges of the glass become red hot. The glass should be rotated between the finger and thumb while being heated. In air, SiC forms a protective silicon oxide coating at 1200 °C and is able to use up to 1600 °C. However, borosilicate glass is the name of a glass family wit… This early borosilicate glass thus came to be known as Jena glass. It is rarely possible to draw the glass out too finely: the usual fault is to leave the capillary much too coarse.
Borosilicate glass is offered in slightly different compositions under different trade names:In recent years, with the resurgence of lampworking as a technique to make handmade glass beads, borosilicate has become a popular material in many glass artists' studios. The chemical composition of borosilicate glass typically consists of around 81% silicon dioxide (SiO 2) and 13% boron trioxide (B 2 O 3) with lesser concentrations of sodium oxide and aluminum oxide. Below ~70% (w/w) concentration, corrosion-resistant membranes are required behind the brick, which can be metallic, such as lead, or nonmetallic, such as fluoroplastic linings or asphaltic or other coatings.
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