What changes over time is how society deals with its young offenders.
The long sentences were designed to break the child away from the “bad influences” of home and environment. Registers kept by Industrial and Reformatory Schools contain a great deal of information about the criminal and destitute children who were sent to these institutions from the mid-nineteenth century until 1933, when they were merged into the new approved schools under the Children and Young Person Act. The schools operated from the 1850s until 1933, after which the two types of school were merged under the Approved Schools Act. Accordingly, young children could be sent to an adult prison.
Reformers were asking questions about how young people who had broken the law ought to be treated. They could see that locking children up with adult criminals was hardly likely to make them lead honest lives in the future. In the United Kingdom and its colonies reformatories commonly called reform schools were set up from 1854 onwards for youngsters who were convicted of a crime as an alternative to an adult prison. All schools had some sort of religious training (although there were separate institutions for Catholic children), and many schools employed a marks system, where children were rewarded for good behaviour and punished for bad behaviour. The pendulum of reform and rehabilitation versus punishment has swung throughout history and continues to swing in most classroom discussions.This lesson could be used in the context of the history of Crime and Punishment, or as an illustration of one aspect of life in Victorian Britain. While some of these schools left little archival material behind, some have amazingly complete … However, a young offender normally still began their sentence with a brief spell in an adult prison.Which of these aims were being met by these sentences on Victorian young offenders?Reformatories were as far as the government was prepared to go towards treating children differently for most of the 19th century. data-full-width-responsive="true"> * * * For US readers * * * data-full-width-responsive="true"> Unless otherwise indicated, this page is copyright Peter Higginbotham. Both types of school began as a philanthropic effort in the nineteenth century, and aimed to deal with the perceived problem of juvenile delinquency, as well as provide relief for destitute children.
A step towards treating children differently was the Juvenile Offences Act of 1847, which said that young people under 14 (soon raised to 16) should be tried in a special court, not an adult court. There are records of children aged 12 being hanged.Child crime shocked the Victorians.
This page has been migrated to my new site www.childrenshomes.org.uk where far more extensive information can be found on Reformatories and Industrial Schools. It was run like a boarding school, with lots of sport, staff not in uniform and a more encouraging attitude towards the children. In 1816, Parliament even set up a ‘Committee for Investigating the Alarming Increase in Juvenile Crime in the Metropolis’ (London). Initially, tickets were issued so that these children could attend ordinary day schools but there were objections from teachers ‘who did not like having in their classes children so dirty, ragged and poor, and from the visitors, who found the children so hungry, that offering a ticket seemed like offering a stone instead of bread’ (Young and Ashton 1956: 242). Young people were sent there for long sentences – usually several years. In parallel, "Industrial schools" were set up for vagrants and children needing protection.
The long sentences were designed to break the child away from the “bad influences” of home and environment.Image and Source 1 and 2 – PCOM 2/291Why were Victorian Prisons so tough?Source 3 – PC 1/2717 Lists of convicts embarked on the Elphinstone for Van Diemen’s landCrime, and how to deal with it, was one of the great issues of Victorian Britain.
https://www.amazon.co.uk/Garden-Among-Fires-Lockdown-Anthology-ebook/dp/B08CBDCCRH/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=garden+among+fires&qid=1595501495&sr=8-1So, what were Reformatory schools and Industrial schools? All schools were required to provide at least some level of education, but much more focus was placed on industrial training, as it was felt that if a child were educated in a least some sort of skill which they could use to obtain employment following their discharge, then they would be less likely to reoffend. Contents … Both girls and boys could be committed to reformatory and industrial schools, and the institutions were usually single sex, although there were many more schools in operation for boys than there were for girls. In May last there was a serious revolt on the part of the girls at this Reformatory School.
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